Modern Undergraduate Quantum Mechanics Experiments

Beck Lab

Dept. of Physics, Whitman College

Description

Technology has advanced to the point where truly modern experiments which explore the fundamentals of quantum mechanics are accessible to undergraduates.  Whitman College has developed a series of such experiments.    We have also developed course materials which complement the experiments.  This work was funded by the National Science Foundation* and by Whitman College.

Overview

·         Slides of a talk given at Amherst College in Oct. 2004.  This talk gives an overview of some of our earlier work: Proving light is made of photons, single photon interference, and the quantum eraser.

·         Slides of a talk given at AAPT Meeting, July 2006.  This talk overviews our more recent experiments, with an emphasis on Hardy’s test of local realism.

·         Slides of a talk given at AAPT Meeting, July 2006.  This talk describes some of the equipment we use, and some of our “tricks of the trade”.

Course Materials

·         Lab Manual.  Our upper level QM course has a laboratory component!  This is the lab manual we used in the Fall of 2008.

Lecture Notes   

Lecture notes for Physics 385, Quantum Mechanics, from the fall of 2007. 

§         Contents

§         Classes 1 – 11

§         Classes 12 – 23

§         Classes 24 – 36

This course used A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics by John Townsend as the text, although there’s a lot of other material in the notes that doesn’t appear in the text.  In particular the course starts out talking about the classical optics associated with polarization, and then uses photon polarization a prototypical two-dimensional quantum system.  After polarization we move on to spin-1/2 and use Townsend’s book.

Please keep in mind that these are lecture notes, not a textbook.  I’ve tried to keep the errors down, but there are likely to be some errors here.  If you find any errors in the physics, please let me know (my contact info is at the bottom of this page.)

Also, you’re free to link to this page, but please don’t otherwise distribute, copy or modify these notes.

Experiments

        Proof of the Existence of Photons (the Grangier Experiment)

This experiment duplicates the experiment of Grangier, Roger and Aspect [1], in which they demonstrate that if a single photon is incident on a beamsplitter, it can only be detected at one of the outputs (not both.)  To quote these authors, "a single photon can only be detected once!" 

  [1]      P. Grangier, G. Roger, and A. Aspect, "Experimental evidence for a photon anticorrelation effect on a beam splitter: A new light on single-photon interferences," Europhys. Lett. 1, 173-179 (1986).

        Single Photon Interference

This experiment demonstrates that individual photons interfere with themselves when they traverse an interferometer.  We simultaneously measure both the interference and the second-order coherence g(2)(0).  Since we find g(2)(0)<1, this simultaneously demonstrates both particle and wavelike behavior of light.

        Bell Inequalities

We have replicated the experiment of Dehlinger and Mitchell [2,3], testing a Bell inequality using polarization entangled photons.  We have measured S=2.467 + 0.015, which violates the Bell inequality S<2 by over 30 standard deviations.

  [2]      D. Dehlinger and M. W. Mitchell, "Entangled photons, nonlocality, and Bell inequalities in the undergraduate laboratory," Am. J. Phys. 70, 903-910 (2002).

  [3]      D. Dehlinger and M. W. Mitchell, "Entangled photon apparatus for the undergraduate laboratory," Am. J. Phys. 70, 898-902 (2002).

        Quantum Eraser with Polarization Entangled Photons

We have constructed an experiment where the visibility of an observed fringe pattern is affected by the types of measurements performed on two spatially separated beams.

          Hardy’s Test of Local Realism

We have performed a test of local realism using entangled photons produced by spontaneous parametric downconversion.  This experiment is based on an idea originally proposed by Hardy for a test of local realism without inequalities [4,5].  We find an over 70 standard deviation violation of the predictions of local realism. 

  [4]      L. Hardy, ‘‘Nonlocality for two particles without inequalities for almost all entangled states,’’ Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1665–1668 (1993).

  [5]      P. G. Kwiat and L. Hardy, “The mystery of the quantum cakes,” Am. J. Phys. 68, 33-36 (2000).

Other Stuff

          Coincidence Counting Units   Updated!!  New Version!!

We have designed two different coincidence counting units (CCUs) that measure all the coincidences you need to do all these experiments.  The original CCU is based on discrete logic components, while the latest CCU is based on a programmable logic IC (an FPGA).  Both CCUs are significantly cheaper than the $10K of NIM electronics used in time-to-amplitude converter based coincidence measurements.  Our CCUs even have higher count rates than the expensive stuff!! Click the above link to learn more about the units, and to get the info you’ll need to build one yourself.  Done in collaboration with Dave Branning and his students at Trinity College.

        Parts List 

Here’s the parts list a lot of people have been asking for.  It’s reasonably comprehensive and up to date as of July 2007--includes the parts to do all the experiments described on these pages.

        LabView vi's   Updated!!

Copies of the LabView vi’s we use to do most of our experiments. 

        Pictures of the Experiments

 

Links

Some other groups we’ve collaborated with:

·         Colgate University (Prof. Enrique Galvez)

·         Trinity College (Prof. David Branning)

·         Harvey Mudd College (Prof. Richard Haskell)

·         Reed College (Prof. John Essick)

Notes

Updates The latest info we have on tips, equipment, etc.

We intend to add more material as it gets developed; please check back for updates.

Many of the files in this archive are stored in portable document format (.pdf). This format is viewable and printable by using Adobe Acrobat Reader. Acrobat Reader is free, and runs on Macintosh, Windows and UNIX.

If you have any problems downloading or printing the documents, please let me know at: beckmk at whitman.edu (replace "at" with @)

People Involved

            Faculty:

·         Mark Beck, Principle Investigator

·         Rob Davies, presently at Utah State University (Grangier expt., single photon interference)

            Students:

·         Jeremy Thorn, presently at the University of Oregon (Grangier expt.)

·         Matt Neal, presently at Oregon State University (Grangier expt.)

·         Vinsunt Donato, presently at Oregon State University (Grangier expt., single photon interference)

·         Geoffrey Bergreen (Grangier expt., single photon interference)

·         Ashifi Gogo, presently at Dartmouth College (Bell, quantum eraser)

·         Will Snyder (Bell, quantum eraser)

·         J. Alex Carlson, presently at Google (Hardy test)

·         Matt Olmstead, presently at the University of Utah (Hardy test)

·         Jesse Lord, presently at the University of Colorado (Coincidence Counting Electronics)

 

*Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

Number of unique visitors since 2/7/06:

webpage updated 1/6/09

 beckmk at whitman.edu (replace "at" with @)