Metabolism

Cytochrome C ATP Synthase Acetyl CoA H+ gradient across the Mitochondria

Glycolysis

The 3 Steps of Energy Production

  1. Large food molecules are digested and absorbed
  2. Small molecules are broken down: produce energy
  3. Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation

  1. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose into teh cell by activating receptors on the cell surface and transducing an activation of the glucose transport proteins in an invaginated area of the cell membrane
  2. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose (in the cytosol) by glycolytic enzymes, forming 2 pyruvate and a net of 2 ATP


Types of Reactions

  1. Preparing glucose for cleavage into 2 (3 - carbon) phosphorylated molecules
  2. Cleavage and production of first ATP
  3. Production of second ATP

Control of Glycolysis: Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

  1. ATP production
    1. feedback inhibition by ATP
    2. PFK is stimulated by an increase in [AMP] and [ADP]
  2. Intermediates for biosynthesis
    1. feedack inhibition by an increase in [citrate]

The uses of pyruvate

  1. Aerobic
    1. further oxidized in the Kreb Cycle
  2. Anaerobic
    1. production of ethanol
    2. production of lactic acid
    3. lactic acid is produced in humans during anaerobic respiration
    4. ethanol and lactic acid are both produced in fermenting microorganisms
  3. Pyruvate is further oxidized if O2 is available
    1. pyruvate + CoA = Acetyl CoA