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How do you use "he" and "she" in a paper?


If you're talking about a single unknown person in the singular, you may have trouble with the pronouns.

  1. A student is surprised when he reads about gongs.
  2. A student is surprised when she reads about gongs.
  3. A student is surprised when he/she reads about gongs.
  4. A student is surprised when s/he reads about gongs.
  5. A student is surprised when he or she reads about gongs.
(1) is fairly old-fashioned. The old rule used to be that if you weren't of someone's gender, you used "he," but many people are now offended by this male-biased "he" stuff. (I understand some professors at Whitman are old- fashioned and prefer "he" in these cases. You should be aware of that, too, since old fashioned professors still give students get grades.)

(2) is a less common alternative. I've seen it when a woman writer wants to make a political statement. But as far as I can tell, it's no better than "he."

(3),(4), and (5) are reasonably well accepted alternatives, but they get very messy when there are a lot of "he/she" things:

A person must eat his or her lunch if he or she is going to get his or her nourishment. . .

I've seen some advocate using they:

A student is surprised when they read about gongs.

But that's really ugly.

What are reasonable solutions?





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